1. Overview
The SSL protocol is usually the preferred choice whenever applications need to communicate with clients over the network. Together with encryption of data, SSL makes it mandatory for an application, like a browser, to exchange asymmetric keys during the handshake in order to establish a secure connection.
Generally, applications share the asymmetric keys in X.509 certificates format. Therefore, before SSL handshaking, clients must import such certificates into their truststore files.
In this article, we’ll discuss a few tools that we can use to import certificates in .cer format into the client’s truststore.
The JDK distribution provides a keytool utility that we can use to manage Java keystores (JKS). The most important purpose of this command is to generate self-signed X.509 certificates for testing SSL communication between a client and a server.
We can also import self-signed or CA-signed certificates into a JKS file and use it as a truststore:
keytool -importcert -alias trustme -file baeldung.cer -keystore cacerts
Enter keystore password:
Trust this certificate? [no]: yes
Certificate was added to keystore
Here, we’ve imported a self-signed baeldung.cer certificate using the keytool command. We can import this certificate into any Java keystore. For example, the one shown here is adding the certificate in the cacerts keystore in the JDK.
If we now list the certificates in the keystore, we’ll see an alias trustme:
keytool -list -keystore cacerts
trustme, Oct 31, 2020, trustedCertEntry,
Certificate fingerprint (SHA1): 04:40:6C:B0:06:65:EE:80:9A:90:A5:E9:DA:19:05:4A:AA:F2:CF:A4
3. The openssl Command
Until now, we’ve only discussed importing the certificates into a JKS file. Such keystores can only be used with Java applications. If we have to implement an SSL library in other languages or use the same certificate across multiple language platforms, we’re more likely to use PKCS12 keystores.
To import a certificate into a PKCS12 keystore, we can also use openssl :
openssl pkcs12 -export -in baeldung.cer -inkey baeldung.key -out baeldung.keystore -name trustme
This command will import a certificate named baeldung.cer into a keystore baeldung.keystore with an alias trustme.
We can see the imported certificate in the keystore:
openssl pkcs12 -info -in baeldung.keystore
Enter Import Password:
MAC: sha1, Iteration 2048
MAC length: 20, salt length: 8
PKCS7 Encrypted data: pbeWithSHA1And40BitRC2-CBC, Iteration 2048
Certificate bag
Bag Attributes
friendlyName: trustme
localKeyID: F4 36 4E 19 E4 E4 E7 65 74 56 FB 50 40 02 68 8B EC F0 4D B3
subject=C = IN, ST = DE, L = DC, O = BA, OU = AU, CN = baeldung.com
issuer=C = IN, ST = DE, L = DC, O = BA, OU = AU, CN = baeldung.com
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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l0vEY0BmRPnWNwGe+Sg/jqOWH9WWvkk/umkEQNWCQZaXZNZZ8jl5WMKFnmA7sPQ+
UjZPabNOTxhz6fJv5nJu7aMS/6tUWO0SdQ+ctO3HgR42wtBPoEOOuFMP6OqHI4hf
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f24d042i44X0WqBBoWLjSQd/JFVH5MF17waiYpxFBOgpz3XEM/1j+juJPVut2k96
3ecgR54iKILbibizPUojn7t3AFT1Ug8exdefHdf+QsL8/L5+8/xOYkp/pnglQJJl
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MB0GA1UdDgQWBBQPHIpCFhAy3kGAbzHpXMjXCMVQRzAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBQPHIpC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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
PKCS7 Data
Shrouded Keybag: pbeWithSHA1And3-KeyTripleDES-CBC, Iteration 2048
Bag Attributes
friendlyName: trustme
localKeyID: F4 36 4E 19 E4 E4 E7 65 74 56 FB 50 40 02 68 8B EC F0 4D B3
Key Attributes: <No Attributes>
So, we’ve successfully imported our certificate into the PKCS12 keystore. As a result, this keystore can now be used as a truststore file in SSL client applications like HTTP client libraries. Likewise, this file can also be used as a keystore in SSL server applications like Tomcat.
4. Conclusion
In this article, we discussed two popular SSL tools for managing digital certificates — OpenSSL and Java Keytool. We further used the keytool and openssl commands to import a certificate in .cer format into JKS and PKCS12 files, respectively.
