1. Introduction
Video splitting is an important technique for controlling the size and flow of videos. Depending on the use case, we can split a video file based on time, number of frames, or size of chunks.
In a Linux environment, we can split a video into multiple parts using tools like FFmpeg. FFmpeg provides efficient and versatile ways to process multimedia files and is available on a wide range of operating systems like Linux, macOS, and Windows.
In this tutorial, we’ll learn to split a video into multiple parts with FFmpeg.
2. Environment Setup
Before moving forward, let’s make sure that we have all the prerequisites ready, including FFmpeg and a sample video.
2.1. FFmpeg Installation
To begin with, we verify that we have FFmpeg installed on our system:
$ ffmpeg -version
ffmpeg version 4.4.2-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 Copyright (c) 2000-2021 the FFmpeg developers
built with gcc 11 (Ubuntu 11.2.0-19ubuntu1)
configuration: --prefix=/usr --extra-version=0ubuntu0.22.04.1
...In case it’s not already available, we can install FFmpeg via the local package manager:
$ sudo apt install ffmpegIn addition to FFmpeg, we’ll also need a sample video file to split it into multiple parts.
2.2. Sample Video
Let’s get a sample video file using the wget command:
$ wget https://sample-videos.com/video123/mp4/480/big_buck_bunny_480p_5mb.mp4We’ll use the downloaded video file to learn about splitting using FFmpeg.
3. Splitting a Video at Regular Time Intervals
In general, we split a video into multiple parts to extract smaller chunks of that video.
To begin with, we’ll split a video into multiple parts, each lasting the exact same amount of time:
$ ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_480p_5mb.mp4 -acodec copy -f segment -segment_time 10 -vcodec copy -reset_timestamps 1 -map 0 output_time_%d.mp4This command takes an input video file, big_buck_bunny_480p_5mb.mp4, and splits it into 10-second parts.
Let’s understand each option:
- -i specifies the input file, in our case, big_buck_bunny_480p_5mb.mp4
- -acodec copy sets the audio codec for the output to copy, which means the audio stream will be copied without re-encoding
- -f segment sets the format to segment
- -segment_time 10 specifies the duration of each segment to 10 seconds
- -vcodec copy sets the video codec for the output to copy, which means the video stream will be copied without re-encoding
- -reset_timestamps 1 resets timestamps for each segment and creates segments with continuous timestamps
- -map 0 maps all the streams from input to the output
- output_time_%d.mp4 defines the naming pattern for the output files, where %d in the naming pattern is a placeholder for a numeric index
As a result of this command, we get three (3) segments of the input video, big_buck_bunny_480p_5mb.mp4, with an approximate duration of 10 seconds each.
However, it’s common that not all of the resulting segments are exactly 10 seconds. The reason behind this is the complex nature of a video file. Multiple factors are at play here, including keyframe alignment, audio-video synchronization, and variable frame rate.
Therefore, re-encoding the video before the segmentation may serve as a better approach enabling more accurate control over the segment duration.
4. Splitting by Re-Encoding
Re-encoding a video may result in an increase or decrease in size, depending on the quality of the input video and the codec libraries used for re-encoding.
To begin with, we’ll re-encode the video via FFmpeg followed by splitting it into multiple parts:
$ ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_480p_5mb.mp4 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -strict experimental -b:a 192k -force_key_frames "expr:gte(t,n_forced*10)" -f segment -segment_time 10 -reset_timestamps 1 -map 0 output_part_%d.mp4Firstly, this command re-encodes the given input video with audio and video codecs. Secondly, it forces keyframes at 10-second intervals. Lastly, it segments the video into parts, each lasting for 10 seconds.
Let’s understand the new parameters used in this command:
- -c:v libx264 sets the video codec to libx264
- -c:a aac sets the audio codec to AAC
- -strict experimental is needed when using the AAC audio codec
- -b:a 192k sets the audio bitrate to 192 kbps
- -force_key_frames forces keyframes at regular intervals set by the following expression
- “expr:gte(t,n_forced*10)” forces a keyframe every 10 seconds (time t)
With this command, the last split part may have a shorter duration than the specified 10 seconds.
5. Splitting a Video at Regular Keyframe Intervals
Similar to splitting at a regular time interval, splitting at regular keyframe intervals can be tricky. Thus, we’ll split the video file by re-encoding it:
$ ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_480p_5mb.mp4 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -strict experimental -b:a 192k -force_key_frames "expr:gte(n,200*trunc(t/200))" -f segment -segment_frames $(seq 200 200 600 | paste -sd "," -) -reset_timestamps 1 -map 0 output_partf_%d.mp4This command effectively splits the input video file, big_buck_bunny_480p_5mb.mp4, at every 200 keyframes.
The parameter -force_key_frames “expr:gte(n,200*trunc(t/200))” ensures that a keyframe is forced at every 200 frames. Let’s take a close look at the expression:
- gte(n,200*trunc(t/200)) expression evaluates whether the current frame number n is greater than or equal to the calculated keyframe index
- 200 * trunc(t/200) determines the keyframe index, where t represents the time in seconds
With the -segment_frames option, we can specify the frame numbers at which to split the video. In the above command, we used seq to generate a sequence of numbers from 200 to 600 in increments of 200 and the paste command to join the numbers with a comma separator.
We can also manually specify the frame numbers (i.e., 200, 400, 600) instead of generating them using seq in the above command, achieving the same result.
Moreover, we can force keyframes by any frame index that is a factor of the target keyframe interval, in this case, 200.
6. Extracting the Duration of a Video
Since video duration in chronological time can be inconsistent, we can use both seconds and frames as our video measurements.
6.1. Chronological Units
First, let’s find the duration of one of the first part we split using FFprobe:
$ ffprobe -v error -show_entries format=duration -of default=noprint_wrappers=1:nokey=1 output_part_1.mp4
10.000000Let’s break down this command to understand each parameter:
- -v error sets the verbosity level to error
- -show_entries format=duration specifies the information to be displayed, in our case, the duration of the multimedia file
- -of default=noprint_wrappers=1:nokey=1 specifies the output format
- output_part_1.mp4 is the name of the input multimedia file
Similarly, we can check the duration of each of the split parts with ffprobe.
6.2. Frames
Now, let’s find the total number of frames in one of the keyframe-split videos using ffprobe:
$ ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 -show_entries stream=nb_frames -of default=nokey=1:noprint_wrappers=1 output_partf_0.mp4
200Thus, the first split part has 200 frames. In this command, -select_streams v:0 specifies and selects the video stream with index 0. The -show_entries stream=nb_frames option specifies the information to be displayed, i.e., the total number of frames available in an input video file.
Similarly, we can use ffprobe to find the total number of frames in each of the split videos by changing the input file name.
7. Conclusion
In this article, we learned how to split a video into multiple parts with FFmpeg.
Firstly, we learned how to install FFmpeg and download a sample video file using the wget command. Secondly, we saw how to split a video at regular time and keyframe intervals. Lastly, for accurate splitting, we practiced splitting a video by re-encoding the input video.
Moreover, we used FFprobe to extract video information like the duration and the total number of frames in one of the split videos.