1. Overview
The use of the Reflection API has sparked extensive debates within the Java community over time and is sometimes seen as a bad practice. While it is widely used by popular Java frameworks and libraries, its potential drawbacks have discouraged its frequent use in regular server-side applications.
In this tutorial, we’ll delve into the benefits and drawbacks that reflection may introduce into our codebases. Additionally, we’ll explore when it is appropriate or inappropriate to use reflection, ultimately helping us determine whether it qualifies as a bad practice.
2. Understanding Java Reflection
In computer science, reflective programming or reflection is the ability of a process to examine, introspect, and modify its structure and behavior. When a programming language fully supports reflection, it permits the inspection and modification of the structure and behavior of classes and objects in the codebase at runtime, allowing the source code to rewrite aspects of itself.
According to this definition, Java offers full support for reflection. Apart from Java, other common programming languages that offer support for reflective programming are C#, Python, and JavaScript.
Many popular Java frameworks, like Spring and Hibernate, rely on it to provide advanced features like dependency injection, aspect-oriented programming, and database mapping. Apart from using reflection indirectly through frameworks or libraries, we can use it directly with the help of the java.lang.reflect package, or the Reflections library.
3. The Pros of Java Reflection
Java Reflection can be a powerful and versatile feature if used carefully. In this section, we’ll explore some of the key advantages of reflection and how we can use it effectively in certain scenarios.
3.1. Dynamic Configuration
Reflection API empowers dynamic programming, enhancing an application’s flexibility and adaptability. This aspect proves valuable when we encounter scenarios where required classes or modules are unknown until runtime.
Moreover, by making use of reflection’s dynamic capabilities, developers can build systems that can be reconfigured effortlessly in real-time, without the need for extensive code changes.
For example, the Spring framework uses reflection for creating and configuring beans. It scans classpath components and dynamically instantiates and configures beans based on annotations and XML configurations, allowing developers to add or modify beans without changing the source code.
3.2. Extensibility
Another significant advantage of using reflection is extensibility. This enables us to incorporate new functionalities or modules at runtime, without changing the application’s core code.
To illustrate that, let’s suppose we are using a third-party library that defines a base class and incorporates multiple sub-types for polymorphic deserialization. We would like to extend the functionality by introducing our own custom sub-types that extend the same base class. The Reflection API comes in handy for this particular use case because we can utilize it to dynamically register these custom sub-types at runtime and effortlessly integrate them with the third-party library. Thus, we can adapt a library to our specific requirements without altering its codebase.
3.3. Code Analysis
Another use case of reflection is code analysis, which allows us to inspect code dynamically. This is particularly useful because it can lead to enhanced quality of software development.
For example, ArchUnit, a Java library for architectural unit testing, makes use of reflection and bytecode analysis. Information that the library cannot obtain through the Reflection API is obtained at the bytecode level. This way, the library analyzes the code dynamically, and we’re able to enforce architectural rules and constraints, ensuring the integrity and high quality of our software projects.
4. The Cons of Java Reflection
As we saw in the previous section, reflection is a powerful feature with various applications. However, it comes with a set of drawbacks that we need to consider before we decide to use it in our projects. In this section, we’ll delve into some of the major cons of this feature.
Java reflection dynamically resolves types and may limit certain JVM optimizations. Consequently, reflective operations have slower performance than their non-reflective counterparts. So, when dealing with performance-sensitive applications, we should consider avoiding reflection in parts of the code that are called frequently.
To demonstrate this, we’re going to create a very simple Person class and perform some reflective and non-reflective operations on it:
public class Person {
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private Integer age;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName, Integer age) {
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.age = age;
}
// standard getters and setters
}
Now, we can create a benchmark in order to see the time difference in calling the getters of our class:
public class MethodInvocationBenchmark {
@Benchmark
@Fork(value = 1, warmups = 1)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
public void directCall(Blackhole blackhole) {
Person person = new Person("John", "Doe", 50);
blackhole.consume(person.getFirstName());
blackhole.consume(person.getLastName());
blackhole.consume(person.getAge());
}
@Benchmark
@Fork(value = 1, warmups = 1)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
public void reflectiveCall(Blackhole blackhole) throws InvocationTargetException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException {
Person person = new Person("John", "Doe", 50);
Method getFirstNameMethod = Person.class.getMethod("getFirstName");
blackhole.consume(getFirstNameMethod.invoke(person));
Method getLastNameMethod = Person.class.getMethod("getLastName");
blackhole.consume(getLastNameMethod.invoke(person));
Method getAgeMethod = Person.class.getMethod("getAge");
blackhole.consume(getAgeMethod.invoke(person));
}
}
Let’s check the results of running our method invocation benchmark:
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
MethodInvocationBenchmark.directCall avgt 5 8.428 ± 0.365 ns/op
MethodInvocationBenchmark.reflectiveCall avgt 5 102.785 ± 2.493 ns/op
Now, let’s create another benchmark to test the performance of reflective initialization compared to directly calling the constructor:
public class InitializationBenchmark {
@Benchmark
@Fork(value = 1, warmups = 1)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
public void directInit(Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(new Person("John", "Doe", 50));
}
@Benchmark
@Fork(value = 1, warmups = 1)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
public void reflectiveInit(Blackhole blackhole) throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException {
Constructor<Person> constructor = Person.class.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, String.class, Integer.class);
blackhole.consume(constructor.newInstance("John", "Doe", 50));
}
}
Let’s check our results for constructor invocation:
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
InitializationBenchmark.directInit avgt 5 5.290 ± 0.395 ns/op
InitializationBenchmark.reflectiveInit avgt 5 23.331 ± 0.141 ns/op
After reviewing the results of both benchmarks, we can reasonably infer that using reflection in Java can be considerably slower for use cases like invoking methods or initializing objects.
Our article Microbenchmarking with Java has more information about what we’ve used for comparing the execution times.
4.2. Exposure of Internals
Reflection permits operations that might be restricted in non-reflective code. A good example is the ability to access and manipulate private fields and methods of classes. By doing so, we violate encapsulation, a fundamental principle of object-oriented programming.
As an example, let’s create a dummy class with only one private field, without creating any getters or setters:
public class MyClass {
private String veryPrivateField;
public MyClass() {
this.veryPrivateField = "Secret Information";
}
}
Now, let’s try to access this private field in a unit test:
@Test
public void givenPrivateField_whenUsingReflection_thenIsAccessible()
throws IllegalAccessException, NoSuchFieldException {
MyClass myClassInstance = new MyClass();
Field privateField = MyClass.class.getDeclaredField("veryPrivateField");
privateField.setAccessible(true);
String accessedField = privateField.get(myClassInstance).toString();
assertEquals(accessedField, "Secret Information");
}
4.3. Loss of Compile-Time Safety
Another drawback of reflection is the loss of compile-time safety. In typical Java development, the compiler performs strict type checks and ensures that we’re using classes, methods, and fields correctly. However, reflection bypasses these checks, and as a result, some errors aren’t discoverable until runtime. Therefore, this can lead to hard-to-detect bugs and may compromise the reliability of our codebase.
4.4. Decreased Maintainability of Code
Using reflection can significantly decrease code maintainability. Code that relies heavily on reflection tends to be less readable than non-reflective code. Reduced readability can lead to maintenance difficulties because it’s harder for developers to understand the code’s intent and functionality.
Another challenge is represented by limited tool support. Reflection isn’t fully supported by all development tools and IDEs. As a result, this can slow down development and make it more error-prone, as developers must rely on manual inspections to catch issues.
4.5. Security Concerns
Java reflection involves accessing and manipulating internal elements of the program, which can cause security concerns. In a restrictive environment, allowing reflective access can be risky because malicious code might attempt to exploit reflection to gain unauthorized access to sensitive resources or perform actions that violate security policies.
5. Impact of Java 9 on Reflection
The introduction of modules in Java 9 brought significant changes to the way modules encapsulate their code. Before Java 9, encapsulation could have been broken easily using reflection.
Modules no longer expose their internals by default. However, Java 9 provided some mechanisms to selectively grant permissions for reflective access between modules. This allows us to open specific packages when necessary, ensuring compatibility with legacy code or third-party libraries.
6. When Should We Use Java Reflection?
Having explored the advantages and disadvantages of reflection, we can identify some use cases when it would be appropriate or not to use this powerful feature.
Using the Reflection API proves valuable where dynamic behavior is essential. As we’ve already seen, many well-known frameworks and libraries, such as Spring and Hibernate, rely on it for key features. In these cases, reflection enables these frameworks to offer flexibility and customization to developers. Additionally, when we’re creating a library or framework ourselves, reflection can empower other developers to extend and customize their interactions with our code, making it a suitable choice.
Furthermore, reflection can be an option for extending code we can’t modify. Therefore, it can be a powerful tool when we’re working with third-party libraries or legacy code and need to integrate new functionalities or adapt existing ones without altering the original codebase. It allows us to access and manipulate elements that would otherwise be inaccessible, making it a practical choice for such scenarios.
However, it’s important to exercise caution when considering using reflection. In applications with strong security requirements, using reflective code should be approached carefully. Reflection allows access to internal elements of a program, which can potentially be exploited by malicious code. Additionally, when dealing with performance-critical applications, particularly in sections of code that are frequently called, reflection’s performance overhead can become a concern. Moreover, if compile-time type checking is crucial for our project, we should consider avoiding using reflective code because of its lack of compile-time safety.
7. Conclusion
As we’ve learned throughout this article, reflection in Java should be viewed as a powerful tool that demands careful use, rather than being labeled as a bad practice. Similar to any feature, excessive use of reflection can indeed be considered a bad practice. However, when applied carefully and only when genuinely necessary, reflection can be a valuable asset.
As always, the source code is available over on GitHub.
